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Conducting Research for Writing in Africana and Ethnic American Literature, History, Culture

One of the most important elements to conducting research is to know what you are looking for and where you may possibly find that data. Whether you are looking for a book, scholarly articles, web sites, microfilm, DVD/VHS, or documentaries, the Internet is a fast and convenient way to set you on the right path to finding what you need to conduct your research.

Many students rely on search engines for information, such as Google. Unfortunately, there are no quality controls for generic search engines; therefore, students need to know how to determine the credibility of each site they access. In addition, students sometimes rely on the Internet alone to conduct research, which limits their possibilities. Nothing can replace the library and archival records, however, the Internet is catching up to traditional research processes. With academic sites that are accessible to most students through their respective library systems now numbering in the hundreds, many documents can be found Online. However, new technology does not negate traditional research. Often professors will create their own web sites to assist students with their research. Be sure to check with your professor's site to see if she has one for your particular course. Whether your researching educational statistics or the history and impact of colonial conquest, you can probably find it below; at a minimum, you will certainly be able to begin a credible research project in Africana and Ethnic American Literature, History, and Culture.

Native American Literature, History, and Culture
LOC "Native Americans: Search Results
As expected, the Library of Congress has compiled a most comprehensive listing of documents concerning Native Americans, including history, language, literature, and culture.

Resources on Native American Tribes
Lisa Mitten of Choice Magazine
has compiled a unique list of sources specific to individual Native American tribes.

PBS Webisode 8
PBS is a wealth of information about almost everything, but is especially comprehensive with regard to American history, which includes, of course, Native American history. This link provides several segments to a single PBS Webisode on Native Americans.

More listings on Native Americans coming soon. . .

African American Literature, History, and Culture
Harpers Weekly
This website provides scanned images of articles from Harper's Weekly published between 1857-1874. Here viewers can read the debates about the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Civil Rights for African Americans.

Dred Scott Case Collection
From Washington University in St. Louis, this website houses most of the original documents regarding the historical Dred Scott case in which Chief Justice Taney of the United States Supreme Courts espoused that African Americans have no rights that any white man is bound to respect. This is the case used by many courts across the nation to argue for segregation.

The History of Jim Crow
The term "Jim Crow" actually began as a minstrel show begun by Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice (1808-1860) who claimed to have witnessed a black man (possibly a young boy) singing: “come listen all you galls and boys / I’m going to sing a little song / My name is Jim Crow / Weel about and turn about and do jis so / Eb’ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.”  From this song, Rice choreographed a routine and, in black face, began performing the minstrel character in New York in 1828 (David Pilgrim, Sociology, Ferris State University, 2000). Because the minstrel show was so demeaning to African Americans in general, and black men in particular, the term because associated with segregation and lynching. This website provides the details about one of America's stains on humanity.

African American Mosaic/Library of Congress
This website is one of both images and texts that give viewers and insight into Colonization, Abolition, Migration, and most excitingly, the WPA narratives collected from former slaves during the Great Depression.

Slaves and the Court System, 1740-1860
This searchable database provided by the Library of Congress offers viewer an opportunity to read the original court documents, as well as view the scanned originals of myriad court cases involving slaves. Many of these cases the slaves sued their masters in court in attempt to gain their freedom on various grounds from conversion to Christianity to abuse.

Freedom's Journal Vol. I
Freedoms Journal Vol. II
The Freedom's Journal only last a few years, but in those years it provided a forum for abolitionists, such as David Walker, Maria Stewart, and Frederick Douglass to make their cases for African American freedom. The fact that students today can read the thoughts and feelings of nineteenth-century African Americans, free, enslaved, and escaped slaves is not only fantastic in and of itself, but is also very educational.

Africans in America/PBS
This website is most excited because not only does it cover centuries of Africans in America, but the cite categorizes its themes, offers biographies of many important figures and icons in Black history, and also provides excerpts of original writings penned by many of those figures.  By offering historical contexts, this cite is able to provide viewers greater insights to African American literature.

Duke University's Documenting the American South
This is a most important and interesting link when researching the literature and history of the American South, particularly with regard to the history of slavery, the Civil War, slave narratives, the Abolitionist Movement, and African American resistance to bondage and racism during the nineteenth-century and beyond.  The site's holdings are most impressive, as organizers and staff have taken the time to scan in myriad varieties of photographs, book covers, and texts with original paginations and citations.

African American Pamphlets
Before publication as we know it today, and during the era of the Broadside press, there was the era of the Pamphlet, such as David Walker's 1827 Appeal. This searchable website provided by the Library of Congress offers viewers an opportunity to read many of the pamphlets produced by African Americans between 1822 and 1909.

Because Rap Music History is the catalyst to understanding Hip Hop culture, its forefathers have created a site where a wealth of information written by those who created Rap music can be found. If you are a Hip-Hop head or a scholar of this aspect of Black culture, the Hip Hop News and Current Events site is filled with current news and events that effect and are of interest to members of the Hip Hop community. However, it must be noted here that corroboration of the facts found on the two sites provided here is required. Now in its fortieth year, credible books on Hip Hop and Rap music and history are widely available; make good use of them.

The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture offers a digital version of the scanned texts, images, and documents related to the Black American experience.

Interestingly, AT&T (yes, the telephone company) offers a wonderful Black History page that offers a list of useful links that everyone can access.

Hispanic American Literature, History, and Culture
Hispanic Reading Room
Provided by the Library of Congress, this online tool a comprehensive source for research most ethnic groups categorized under the "Hispanic" umbrella, including history and culture, language and literature, and the impact of European conquest.

Selected Resources for Spanish American Literature
Although not comprehensive, this particular source offers a variety of bibliographic sources in the field of Spanish Literature.

More listings on Hispanic Americans coming soon. . .

Asian American Literature, History, and Culture
Asian American Literature: Resources for Research
This site is conceived and provided by Dr. Noelle Brada-Williams of San José State University. It contains a wealth of annotated online resources for those pursing studies in Asian American literature.

More listings on Asian Americans coming soon. . .

General Research Resources in American Literature, History, and Culture
The New York Public Library is an excellent source for any researcher.

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is an excellent source to investigate African American educational history. On this site students can view and print important tables and report summaries regarding American education and can narrow their searches to juxtapose different ages, races, fields of study, years and levels of educational attainment across racial, gender, and geographical lines and more.

The Library of Congress (LOC) is the largest library in the world and has 130 million holdings. As a legislative branch of the United States Congress, the LOC has a records of nearly everything every printed in the United States.

For students interested in research population statistics and reports, there is no better place to conduct their research than the Census Bureau. They offer statistics as far back as 1870 regarding immigration, where people live, population statistics, and information on business and industry.

The Historical Text Archive is an excellent source to discover the relations between Africa and Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is also a good starter source to full-text documents and articles written by African Americans, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, James Weldon Johnson, and Frederick Douglass.

The best site on which to find documents, such as treatise, laws, petitions and charters relative to the making of America is Yale's Avalon project. As expansive as Duke University's DocSouth project, Yale's project is a collection of historical documents organized by century. To learn how to navigate the project's archives, click here.

One of the most dreaded tasks that students encounter is documenting their sources using the Modern Language Association's (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA)standards and styles. MLA style is usually reserved for writing about literature, while APA is traditionally used for writing about most other discourses, such as history or the sciences. However, if your professor specifically states that he or she wants students to write in APA style, go to their web site and in the search box type "tips." Once there, click on "APA Style|Style Tips."

The Google News Archives, a search engine by Google creators, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, has been launched. It allows users to not only research specific news topics, but also organize the search results in a time line format. In this way, students and scholars can easily search, for example, the history of Black Nationalism and get an organized result. Google's archives is also user friendly. Once users are on the Archives' main page, they can enter a name, subject, or event into the available dialog box and click the button appropriate to their research objectives. If they want to research W.E.B. DuBois in 1925, for example, his name would be entered into the search box and the button marked "Show Timeline" would be clicked. To the left of results page there will be a frame housing the timeline elements, in the case of DuBois, several options, or blocks of time in which users can investigate DuBois: "before 1960s," and after that link, other links, or time blocks listed by decade. Google News Archives is an excellent source to view digitally archived collections on a multitude of topics. However, users must be aware of their Internet environment, never forgetting to corroborate the credibility of each fact for which they may want to use in their research projects.

Compiled by Dr. Blaque for BlaqueAdemicsTM
"where knowledge is applied. . .
Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania 19608
©1992-2009
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